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| | CHEST: Anion gap in turpentine-induced pleural effusions: correlation with pH and protein level |
 | | The anion gap should also be high in acidic effusions because of their high lactate level;[16-24] The anion gap is convenient and inexpensive to measure, and less subject to artifact than the pH measurement (which is falsely raised by escape Of [CO.sub.2] if the sample is exposed to air[25]). | | | The anion gap equals the unmeasured anions minus the unmeasured cations, in mEq/L.[12] Since the pleural fluid proteins are unmeasured anions,[13-15] the pleural fluid anion gap should vary with the protein level. | | | Since the pleural fluid proteins and lactate are unmeasured anions, the pleural fluid anion gap (Na+K-Cl-total [CO.sub.2]) should vary with the protein level and should be high in acidic effusions (which have high lactate levels). |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n2_v109/ai_18022396
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| | Dorlands Medical Dictionary |
| | urinary anion gap, the amount of urinary anion not routinely measured by laboratory screening that accounts for the difference between the routinely measured anion and cation, equal to sodium + potassium - chloride; it is an indirect measure of ammonium excretion and is used in the evaluation of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. | | | anion gap, the concentration of plasma anions not routinely measured by laboratory screening, accounting for the difference between the routinely measured anions and cations and equal to the plasma sodium - (chloride + bicarbonate); used in the evaluation of acid-base disorders. | | | auscultatory gap, time in which sound is not heard in the auscultatory method of sphygmomanometry, occurring particularly in hypertension and in aortic stenosis. |
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http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_g_03zPzhtm
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| | Anion Gap |
| | The normal anion gap is 6-22 mEq/L (some omit K+ from the calculation, in which case normal is 2-18 mEq/L). | | | For example, if an unmeasured anion (like lactate-) goes up, then the anion gap is increased. | | | *Increased anion gap is most common in acidotic states (shock, diabetes, uremia) |
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http://cvm.msu.edu/courses/vm545/fluid/agap.htm
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| | 3.2 The Anion Gap |
| | The term anion gap (AG) represents the concentration of all the unmeasured anions in the plasma. | | | Albumin is the major unmeasured anion and contributes almost the whole of the value of the anion gap. | | | A normally high anion gap acidosis in a patient with hypoalbuminaemia may appear as a normal anion gap acidosis. |
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http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab3_2.php
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| | Clinical Concepts Quiz |
| | Mixed respiratory alkalosis and wide anion gap metabolic acidosis | | | Mixed respiratory alkalosis, wide anion gap metabolic acidosis, and non-anion gap metabolic acidosis | | | Mixed respiratory alkalosis, wide anion gap metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis |
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http://cc.lrc.usuhs.mil/cc/acidbase_quiz.htm
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| | WebHealthCentre.com - Doctor's Calculators |
| | The anion gap measurement is likely to be most useful in emergency department in cases with ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis or renal failure. | | | In practice, an increased anion gap is usually due to an accumulation of unmeasured anions. | | | The serum anion gap is the difference between the concentrations of the major cation, sodium and the major anions(Cl + HCO |
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http://www.webhealthcenter.com/calculators/doc_gap.asp
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| | UPC Diagnosis Series - Evaluating Abnormal Test Results - ANION GAP - Bibliography |
| | Spurious hyperchloremia and decreased anion gap in a patient with dextromethorphan bromide. | | | The anion gap as a screening procedure for occult myeloma in the elderly. | | | Serum anion gap in the differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis in critically ill newborns. |
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http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/Path_Handbook/upcmd/01014/bibliography.html
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| | UPC Diagnosis Series - Evaluating Abnormal Test Results - ANION GAP - Abdel-Wareth et al.; Ng et al. |
| | Spurious hyperchloremia and decreased anion gap in a patient with dextromethorphan bromide. | | | Therefore, patients with a markedly negative anion gap with hyperchloremia should be considered as having halide intoxication. | | | We report a patient who had negative anion gap with hyperchloremia and conscious loss because of daily intake of cold complex syrup (containing dextromethorphan bromide 0.4 mg/ml, acetaminophen 8.33 mg/ml) for headache for 4-5 years. |
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http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/Path_Handbook/upcmd/01014/abs_abdel95_ng92.html
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| | THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 2, Ch. 12, Water, Electrolyte, Mineral, And Acid-Base Metabolism |
| | Most clinical laboratories now use different techniques; therefore, the normal range of the anion gap has decreased and may be as low as 5 to 11 mEq/L. Clinicians should consider their particular laboratory's reference range when assessing the anion gap. | | | The accepted range for the normal anion gap is 12 ± 4 mEq/L. However, this range is based on normal ranges of electrolyte concentrations as measured by methods used in the 1970s. | | | Table 12-8 shows primary changes in the four simple acid-base disturbances and the expected compensation. |
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http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section2/chapter12/12g.jsp
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| | Anion gap definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms |
| | Anion gap: A measurement of the interval between the sum of "routinely measured" cations minus the sum of the "routinely measured" anions in the blood. | | | A low anion gap is relatively rare but may occur from the presence of abnormal positively charged proteins, as in multiple myeloma. | | | A high anion gap indicated metabolic acidosis, the increased acidity of the blood due to metabolic processes. |
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http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20154
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| | Acid-Base Imbalance and Compensation |
| | (hyperchloremia, no plasma anion gap, and low urinary excretion of ammonium, (urinary cation gap =0); severe chronic renal failure may result in metabolic acidosis with increased plasma anion gap (due to high plasma [P | | | (1) Extrarenal loss of bicarbonate, with hyperchloremia and increased urinary excretion of NH (evident as high urinary cation gap: [Cl ] - [Na Urinary loss of HCO | | | Metabolic acidosis is the most frequent acid-base imbalance and may be due to: |
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http://www.acbrown.com/renal/OutAcidImb.htm
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| | Untitled |
| | Mixed high anion gap metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis | | | Mixed high anion gap metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis | | | Acute on chronic respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis |
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http://medicine.creighton.edu/medschool/m2courseware/renal/Answers.htm
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| | Metabolic disorders |
| | proprionic acid in plasma/urine, marked metabolic acidosis with large anion gap during acute attacks | | | glycin, marked metabolic acidosis with large anion gap during acute attacks | | | Rx with low branched-chain amino acid diet, prognosis poor |
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http://www.pedfocus.com/Medicine/Metab.htm
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| | Nassau University Medical Center |
| | However, while it is generally acknowledged that hypoalbuminemia mandates a downward adjustment of the expected anion gap, a specific correction factor for the anion gap in the face of low serum albumin has never been demonstrated. | | | PATIENTS: The 38 PD and 75 HD patients selected had been receiving dialysis for at least 12 months and up to 3 years.The PD patients received either continuous ambulatory and/or cycler PD. For the survivors, the averages of their routine chemical analyses were considered their representative values. | | | Nassau County Medical Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, East Meadow, USA. |
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http://www.ncmc.edu/index.php?id=187
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| | The Anion Gap |
| | The Anion Gap is a useful shorthand measure, particularly in the differential diagnosis of acid/base disorders. | | | Normal values for the Anion Gap are 8-16 mEq/L plasma | | | The equivalents of cations in a solution always balances the equivalents of anions. |
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http://physioweb.med.uvm.edu/bodyfluids/theanion.htm
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| | Postgraduate Medicine: A stepwise approach to acid-base disorders |
| | Causes of high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis can be further divided into (1) acidosis with an organic source (ie, lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis [whether diabetic, alcoholic, or starvation], and renal failure) and (2) acidosis resulting from ingestion of a toxin (eg, methanol, ethylene glycol, salicylate). | | | In metabolic acidosis, NH excretion should increase dramatically if renal acidification is intact (as in diarrhea), resulting in a large negative urine anion gap (ie, -20 to -50 mEq/L). | | | A stepwise approach to acid-base disorders: practical patient evaluation for metabolic acidosis and other conditions. |
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http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2000/03_00/fall.htm
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| | 5.2 Metabolic Acidosis - Causes |
| | The term 'hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis' is also often used for the 'normal anion gap' group but the terms are not really synonomous (as discussed in section 8.4). | | | An alternative to the above, is to classify the causes of metabolic acidosis into two groups depending on whether the anion gap is elevated or normal. | | | This is the most clinically useful way to classify metabolic acidosis and it is used extensively when assessing metabolic acidosis. |
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http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab5_2.php
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| | METHANOL (PIM 335) |
| | The underlying disorder in methanol poisoning is a metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap. | | | Severe recurrent metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap is caused by formate accumulation and is related to the severity of poisoning. | | | Application of a pharmacokinetic model for ethanol therapy and hemodialysis. |
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http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim335.htm
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| | blood gas interpretation |
| | Anion Gap = (Na + Cl Using venous blood gases to assess the acid-base status in dogs: | | | Determine the Anion Gap (if electrolytes are available). | | | Normal Arterial Blood Gas Values for Dogs in Fort Collins, CO (1500 M) Unless indicated otherwise, barometric pressure = |
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http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/clinsci/wing/fluids/bloodgas.htm
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| | Methanol Intoxication: Distribution in Postmortem Tissues and Fluids Including Vitreous Humor. Wu Chen NB, Donoghue ER, Schaffer MI . 1985;30(1): 213-216. |
| | Keywords: anion gap, forensic science, gas chromatography, metabolic acidosis, methanol, osmolal gap, toxicology, vitreous humor | | | The postmortem methanol concentrations in body fluids were as follows: bile 175 mg/dL, vitreous humor 173 mg/dL, and blood 142 mg/dL. | | | Postmortem methanol concentrations in body tissues are given in decreasing order: brain 159 mg/100 g, kidney 130 mg/100 g, lung 127 mg/100 g, spleen 125 mg/100 g, skeletal muscle 112 mg/100 g, pancreas 109 mg/100 g, liver 107 mg/100 g, and heart 93 mg/100 g. |
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http://www.astm.org/jforensicsci/PAGES/510.htm
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| | 2111.html |
| | Under compression, an increase in the frequency gap between the FrÎhlich mode and the LO phonon has been observed, which is attributed to pressure-induced changes in the anharmonicity of the surface-related modes and, possibly, to the relative increase of the dielectric constant of the surrounding effective medium, through better wetting under compression. | | | The pressure change of the lattice polarizability along the c -axis is calculated in the framework of a rigid-ion model from the change of the angle of the anion-cation bond with respect to the layer plane, which results in a slight increase of the lattice contribution. | | | While the bulk moduli of this family of semiconductors are rather constant, the dependence of the band gap on volume exhibits systematic trends when the group III cations are varied. |
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http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2232/2111.html
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| | Isopropyl Alcohol |
| | Serum osmolality may be greater than calculated with all four alcohols, thus isopropanol is similar to ethanol in that it produces little to no anion gap metabolic acidosis (unless the patient has other problems such as hypotension, hypoxia, etc.), but does have an elevated osmolol gap. | | | Isopropyl alcohol is metabolized to acetone in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase. | | | Isopropyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a somewhat bitter taste and a smell of acetone. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/wa/zzaran/Alcohol.html
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| | Amazon.com: Arterial Blood Gas Analysis Made Easy (Made Easy): Books: A. B. Anup |
| | resp acidosis, resp alkalosis, blood gas report, pure metabolic acidosis, acute respiratory acidosis, compensated respiratory acidosis, chloride responsive, chronic respiratory acidosis, urine chloride, chronic respiratory alkalosis, acute respiratory alkalosis, acid base disorder, osmolal gap, anion gap metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, breathing room air, serum osmolality | | | Gas Analysis and Related Services Find Local Gas Analysis and More Here | | | I look forward to more clinical guides from Dr. Anup. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0965708373?v=glance
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| | Osmolality Gap Calculator |
| | The presence of low blood pH, elevated anion gap and greatly elevated OG is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment. | | | The osmolality gap is an indication of unmeasured solute in the blood. | | | It is determined by the measured osmolality (MO) minus the calculated osmolality (CO). |
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http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/path_handbook/Appendix/Calculators/OsmoGap.html
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| | Welcome to ADR Website |
| | The encyclopedia contains medical calculators including : creatinine clearance, body mass index, body surface area, anion gap, serum osmolality, corrected QT interval, and more. |
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http://www.arabdrugs.com/faq.htm
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| | ETHYLENE GLYCOL (PIM 227) |
| | The underlying disorder in ethylene glycol poisoning is gradual development of severe metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap, mainly caused by accumulation of the metabolite glycolic acid. | | | Ethylene glycol undergoes enzymatic metabolism, principally in the liver and kidneys. | | | In late stages (severe metabolic acidosis), all the ingested ethylene glycol may be metabolized and it cannot therefore be detected in serum (Jacobsen, 1984). |
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http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim227.htm
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