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| | AFRICAN ANIMAL TRYPANOSOMIASIS |
 | | The use of drugs for the prevention and treatment of trypanosomiasis has been important for many decades, but the rapidity with which the trypanosomes have developed resistance to each drug introduced has tremendously complicated this approach to controlling the disease. | | | This trypanosome readily persists in areas free of tsetse flies (for example, in Central and South America and in the Caribbean), where it is transmitted mechanically by biting flies or contaminated needles, syringes, and surgical instruments. | | | Fly eradication and drug prophylaxis are the only effective trypanosomiasis control methods now available. |
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http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/AAT.htm
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| | Human African trypanosomiasis -- Stich et al. 325 (7357): 203 -- BMJ |
| | The range of drugs that are used against human African trypanosomiasis is limited (box 1). | | | Most research in trypanosomiasis over the past 30 years has focused on molecular and biochemical aspects of the trypanosome. | | | Extensive literature exists on human African trypanosomiasis and trypanosomes, but it is mostly confined to basic sciences |
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http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/325/7357/203
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| | Programme for the control of African animal trypanosomiasis and related development |
| | The theme of this meeting, as I understand it, is that trypanosomiasis is to be viewed as one element of an overall approach to rural development in which the emphasis is on sustainable agriculture. | | | Donor agencies should consider whether future economics support to tsetse and trypanosomiasis control should place more emphasis on institutional development and less on strategic studies and policy analysis by external organizations, although such studies are important and should continue. | | | Livestock development is dependent upon a much broader range of factors than the veterinary situation alone: this points to the fact that economic appraisal of tsetse control operations which does not take proper account of the broader development initiatives and constraints affecting a tsetseaffected area is unlikely to be very meaningful in practice. |
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http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/T0599E/T0599E07.htm
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| | Trypanosomiasis |
| | At first, the main clinical signs of human trypanosomiasis are high fever, weakness and headache, joint pains and pruritus (itching). | | | It had taken half a century to bring down the incidence of sleeping sickness. | | | The trypanosome can express thousands of variants, multiplying with each new surface change. |
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http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/WWW/224/Trypano.html
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| | eMedicine - African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) : Article by Kitonga P Kiminyo, MD |
| | This interaction is influenced by an increasing tsetse fly density, changing feeding habits, expanding human development into tsetse fly–infested areas, and an increasing number of immunologically naïve persons in previously endemic areas. | | | Better assays are now available, including the hematocrit centrifugation technique for buffy coat examination, and the miniature anion-exchange centrifugation technique, which filters out the red cells but not the trypanosomes. | | | The table below outlines the recommendations in The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics in March, 2000. |
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http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2140.htm
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| | African Trypanosomiasis - History2 |
| | African states do have health infrastructures which, though often insufficient, are nevertheless able to use these tools as soon as the personnel, always motivated and devoted, are properly trained. | | | In addition to health workers, the community itself, which is directly concerned, should be involved in the control action. | | | In recent years the results of scientiffc and technical research have produced new tools and improved field control strategies. |
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http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/tropmed/disease/african-tryp/history2.htm
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| | Medical Ecology >> Infectious Diseases >> Application >> African Trypanosomiasis |
| | However, East African sleeping sickness is far more virulent, and can develop into late stage sleeping sickness within weeks. | | | Secondly, regular follow-ups to check for relapse is essential but difficult in many of the areas where sleeping sickness is endemic. | | | Today, there are only a handful of active drugs available for treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. |
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http://www.medicalecology.org/diseases/print_d_african_trypano.htm
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| | FindHealthNews : News, Reviews and Articles On Trypanosomiasis |
| | Financing also is required to move several diseases, like trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, from basic research to clinical trials and the development of medicines for the market, it said. | | | Instead of affecting the bug itself, Durvasulas approach is to alter a bacterium that allows the bug to carry the trypanosomiasis parasite. | | | The Science issue includes several papers, including genome studies of Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease; Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness; and Leishmania major, which causes the skin disease leishmaniasis and an internal disease known as kala azar... |
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http://www.findhealthnews.com/files/Trypanosomiasis.html
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| | African Sleeping Sickness - Boston College |
| | Eflornithine, one of a few anti-trypanosomal drugs developed over the past few decades, has been effective in treating late-stage West African sleeping sickness. | | | Deiser, J., Stich, A., and Burri, C. New drugs for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis: research and development. | | | The second stage of African trypanosomiasis is particularly difficult to treat; treatment regimens in the second stage fail in 15-30% of cases. |
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http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/biology/research/insect/tsetse
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| | THE PREVALENCE OF ANIMAL TRYPANOSOMIASIS IN NIGERIA |
| | One hundred sixty three animals were sampled, of which, 68 (41.7%) were positive by haematocrit centrifuge technique (HCT) for various trypanosomes. | | | Anosa, V.O.: Haematological and biochemical changes in human and animal trypanosomiasis. | | | Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, P.M.B 2077, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria. |
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http://www.isrvma.org/article/55_4_7.htm
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| | Facts about Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis) - KFWH.org |
| | In response to research and the CBS “60 Minutes” film, “Sleeping Sickness”, Kids for World Health has chosen for its immediate target, Trypanosomiasis or Sleeping Sickness. | | | Some links to more information on Sleeping Sickness: | | | Human African Trypanosomiasis, also called Sleeping Sickness, is one of the world’s most neglected diseases, affecting poor populations in remote rural areas of Africa. |
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http://www.kfwh.org/information.asp
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| | African Trypanosomiasis |
| | There is no vaccine or drug to prevent African trypanosomiasis. | | | Medicine for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis is available. | | | African trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness, is a serious tropical disease that is always fatal without treatment. |
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http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/Trypano.html
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| | Prophylaxis |
| | There are drugs that are widely used for the treatment of nagana or cattle trypanosomiasis such as ethidium, isomethamidium or berenil. | | | Trypanosomiasis victim, dying from an acute encephalopathy after treatment of the late stage of trpanosomiasis with the drug melarsoprol. | | | These drugs are effective, both for treatment and for prophylaxis, but are supposed to intercalate into the DNA and therefore suspect to be mutagenic and thus cannot be used for the treatment of humans. |
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http://www.icp.ucl.ac.be/~opperd/parasites/tryps9.htm
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| | MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Sleeping sickness |
| | Swollen red painful nodule at site of inoculation | | | The incidence is extremely low in the U.S. -- it is only found in travelers who have visited or lived in those African areas. | | | Risk factors include living in those parts of Africa where the disease is found and being bitten by tsetse flies. |
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001362.htm
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| | Trypanosoma sp. (African trypanosomiasis) |
| | From the standpoint of human health, the most important is Trypanosoma cruzi which causes American trypanosomiasis or Chagas' disease. | | | The species that cause human African trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness") also infect wild animals and can be transmitted from these animals to humans (zoonotic infections). | | | The life cycles of most African trypanosomes are similar. |
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http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/trypanosoma.html
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| | The trypanosome project |
| | The disease is in late stages characterized by a severly disturbed sleep pattern and chronic pain. | | | African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a parasitic infection caused by the extracellular flagellate Trypanosoma brucei (Tb). | | | There are strong indications that alterations in endogenous rhythms during infection with trypanosomes occur, which correlate with reported clinical symptoms in humans with the disease. |
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http://www.neuro.ki.se/neuro/neudegen/ResAfrSleSic.htm
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| | MDTravel Health - African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) |
| | Many of the drugs used to treat African trypanosomiasis have significant toxicities. | | | Early symptoms may include fever, weakness, headache, joint pains, rash, itching, edema, and enlargement of lymph nodes. | | | (See Geographical distribution of African trypanosomiasis by the World Health Organization.) The parasite is inoculated into a human or animal as the tsetse fly takes a blood meal. |
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http://www.mdtravelhealth.com/infectious/african_trypan.html
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| | Symptoms of West African Trypanosomiasis - WrongDiagnosis.com |
| | Furthermore, symptoms of West African Trypanosomiasis may vary on an individual basis for each patient. | | | This symptom information has been gathered from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and may not be the full list of symptoms of West African Trypanosomiasis. | | | Symptoms of West African Trypanosomiasis: A bite by the tsetse fly is often painful. |
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http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/w/west_african_trypanosomiasis/symptoms.htm
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| | Introduction to Trypanosomes |
| | There are no modern drugs to treat diseases caused by trypanosomes. | | | The few drugs that are available to treat African trypanosomiasis have their origins in the first half of the 20th century and are all very toxic. | | | The limiting factor for drug development is the lack of resources and motivation for making new drugs for exotic diseases in distant countries that lack the ability to pay for them. |
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http://tryps.rockefeller.edu/crosslab_intro.html
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| | War, famine and now pestilence - Sleeping sickness ravages Central Africa |
| | Cases of African sleeping sickness were practically eliminated during the years 1960 to 1965, and it was thought the disease was on the verge of total eradication. | | | African countries where barely 1 percent of the at-risk population is under surveillance are reporting cases of sleeping sickness to the World Health Organization. | | | African sleeping sickness is caused by T. brucei gambiense, a parasite transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. |
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http://www.wsws.org/news/1998/sep1998/slep-s05.shtml
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| | Emerging Infectious Diseases: Cluster of African trypanosomiasis in travelers to Tanzanian National Parks - Dispatches |
| | African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), a serious infection caused by a protozoan (Trypanosoma brucei), is usually spread to humans by the tsetse fly via infected animals and humans. | | | The patients were identified and reported in TropNetEurop, a sentinel surveillance network of clinical sites throughout Europe for monitoring imported infectious diseases. | | | Game parks in Tanzania have long been considered to be at low risk for African trypanosomiasis; however, nine cases of the disease associated with these parks were recently reported. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_6_8/ai_87739673
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| | Amazon.ca: Books: The African Trypanosomes |
| | The African Trypanosomes, volume one of World Class Parasites, is written for researchers, students and scholars who enjoy reading research that has a major impact on human health, or agricultural productivity, and against which we have no satisfactory defense. | | | Because of these perceived failures it is important to consider the problems inherent in trypanosome and tsetse fly control and the different kinds of approaches that have been adopted. | | | The African Trypanosomes is the first in a series of volumes that is intended to cover those parasites that have a major impact on human health or agricultural productivity in such a way that they supplement standard textbooks with particular reference to parasitological research. |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792375122
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| | Ragaa Abdelkhalig Eltayeb: Doktorsavhandling från Karolinska Institutet |
| | Experimental African trypanosomiasis was established in mice and rats to study the immunopathological mechanisms during the disease. | | | Chemokines are produced in the brain early during the course of experimental African trypanosomiasis | | | In humans, African trypanosomiasis occurs in two forms; the chronic West African form is caused by T.b. |
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http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4382-6
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| | sleeping sickness |
| | Chronic trypanosomiasis may not cause symptoms until months to years following travel to an endemic area, | | | The incubation period of acute trypanosomiasis ranges from 6 to 28 days, and travelers frequently become ill during their trips or shortly after returning home. | | | African sleeping sickness or African typanosomiasis is found in West, Central, and East Africa, confined between 15 degrees North and 20 degrees South latitude. |
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http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Disease/sleeping_sickness.html
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| | Amazon.ca: Books: Progress in Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness |
| | Written by specialists who are very experienced in their respective fields, the contributions provide an indispensable tool for practitioners and scientists. | | | Covers new findings about Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and includes biology and clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. | | | Look for books like Progress in Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness by subject: |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/2287596550
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| | Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) |
| | The Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) is an international alliance that treats the tsetse/trypanosomiasis problem as an integral part of development and poverty alleviation, assuring positive and lasting results in trypanosomiasis-affected areas. | | | PAAT forms the umbrella for an inter-agency alliance comprising FAO, IAEA, AU/IBAR, WHO, research institutions, field programmes, NGOs and donors, with the overall goal to improve the livelihood of rural people in the 37 tsetse affected countries of sub-Saharan Africa. | | | To this end, the Programme has facilitated the development of the PAAT-Information System (PAAT-IS), which aims to assist decision-support for prioritisation of tsetse control area and control strategies, facilitate direct contact between programmes and providing a common source of information on tsetse and trypanosomiasis. |
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http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/paat/home.html
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| | Antigenic Variation Strategy of trypanosomiasis |
| | The African trypanosome is a protozoan that, once it enters the blood of human beings and cattle, causes a fatal neurologic disease called trypanosomiasis, or "sleeping sickness" in humans. | | | The key to the trypanosome’s success lies in its ability to evade the host’s immune system via antigenic variation. |
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http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/av/trypanosomiasis.html
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| | Untitled Document |
| | Chagas disease is distinct from the more renowned "African trypanosomiasis" or "sleeping sickness." African trypanosomiasis is caused by infection with T. | | | There is currently no vaccine available against Chagas disease, although a DNA-based vaccine has shown promise in a mouse-model system. | | | One very unique new approach to control of American trypanosomiasis is to release reduviid bugs that harbor a transformed bacteria. |
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http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/zoonoses/Leishtryp/Chagindx.html
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| | ICPTV Homepage |
| | The overall objective of ICPTV is to provide guidance, support and direction to trypanosomiasis research within the context of agricultural development. | | | Integrated Control of Pathogenic Trypanosomes and their Vectors (ICPTV) website. |
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http://www.icptv.org/home.html
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