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| | Cocaine and the Concept of Addiction: Environmental Factors in Drug Compulsions |
 | | In contrast to an experiential model of addiction which focuses on sentient human beings and their involvement with their surroundings, the prevailing, reductionistic view of addiction points to evidence that animals will self-administer drugs such as cocaine as proof that human psychology and environment are irrelevant to addiction. | | | Addiction was not specifically associated with narcotics or with drugs at all (Peele, 1985; Sonnedecker, 1958). | | | Cocaine had heretofore not been considered to produce "physical dependence." Nonetheless, for both cocaine and heroin, current models of addiction — models widely propagated by the media — reduce drug use patterns to the properties of drugs and biological characteristics of the user. |
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http://www.peele.net/lib/cocaine.html
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| | Nicotine and Addiction: Fact Sheet no. 9 - ASH |
| | Recent research suggests that certain smokers may be predisposed to nicotine addiction through the effects of a gene responsible for metabolising nicotine. | | | The power of addiction is also demonstrated by the fact that some smokers are reluctant to stop smoking even after undergoing surgery for smoking-induced diseases. | | | Nicotine is a stimulant drug, but paradoxically effects of both stimulation and relaxation may be felt. |
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http://www.ash.org.uk/html/factsheets/html/fact09.html
(1249 words)
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| | Heroin Addiction |
| | During drug treatment heroin addiction is attacked from all sides, teaching the addict how to live without the drug as well as uncovering patterns and behaviors that lead to the use of heroin. | | | Either way, heroin addiction tricks the body and mind into believing that it feels good, when in reality the drug is dulling the senses and intoxicating the body with poison. | | | Because heroin is expensive, and an addict's tolerance increases over time, people with heroin addiction ruin the lives of people they love in order to satisfy their addictions. |
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http://www.heroin-effects.com/heroin-addiction.htm
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| | Heroin Addiction, Heroin Addiction Treatment, Heroin Abuse |
| | Heroin addiction implies that a person is no longer functioning as a normal human being because he/she is dependent upon heroin to live. | | | Heroin addiction is characterized by an increase in tolerance, meaning a person must use more of the drug to get the same effect, and a physical dependence on heroin. | | | Heroin is a highly addictive drug therefore leading to high numbers of heroin addiction among its users. |
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http://www.heroin-addiction.us
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| | Cocaine and the Brain: The Neurobiology of Addiction |
| | The road to recovery from cocaine addiction is a long one, particularly because a patient must struggle to overcome the odds of relapse: approximately half of recovering patients succumb to relapse within a year of detoxification (16). | | | As defined by the American Psychiatric Association, addiction is a "chronically relapsing disorder that is characterized by three major elements: (a) compulsion to seek and take the drug, (b) loss of control in limiting intake, and (c) emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented" (1). | | | Cocaine acts on the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) pathway of the midbrain, extending from the ventral tegumental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). |
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http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web1/Farrenkopf.html
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| | InfoFacts - Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Products |
| | The decrease in CYP2A6 slows the breakdown of nicotine and protects individuals against nicotine addiction. | | | The success rates for smoking cessation treatment with nicotine chewing gum vary considerably across studies, but evidence suggests that it is a safe means of facilitating smoking cessation if chewed according to instructions and restricted to patients who are under medical supervision. | | | Another approach to smoking cessation is the nicotine transdermal patch, a skin patch that delivers a relatively constant amount of nicotine to the person wearing it. |
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http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofax/tobacco.html
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| | RCP Nicotine Addiction in Britain |
| | Many neurones in the brain express the neuronal nicotinic receptors at which nicotine acts and, as a result, the drug stimulates other pathways which may be important to the development of addiction. | | | Studies on the neurobiology of drug addiction must take account of the fact that addiction is a consequence of chronic or repeated exposure to the drug. | | | Animal studies indicate that nicotine may reduce renal blood flow which, in a patient with marginal renal blood flow due to hypertensive vascular disease, could cause renal ischaemia and aggravate hypertension.108 There is therefore concern about using nicotine therapy in patients with severe hypertension. |
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http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/books/nicotine/2-physical.htm
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| | White Deer Run Addiction treatment Facilities Heroin Addiction |
| | Other pharmaceutical approaches, like LAAM (levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol) and buprenorphine, and many behavioral therapies also are used for treating heroin addiction. | | | There are many effective behavioral treatments available for heroin addiction. | | | Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, and by neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain. |
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http://www.whitedeerrun.com/heroin_addiction.asp
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| | Reason: H: The surprising truth about heroin and addiction |
| | Since those with stronger addictions were more likely to receive treatment, this does not necessarily mean that treatment was useless, but it clearly was not a prerequisite for giving up heroin. | | | Another sign that fear of withdrawal symptoms is not the essence of addiction is the fact that heroin users commonly drift in and out of their habits, going through periods of abstinence and returning to the drug long after any physical discomfort has faded away. | | | "Addiction is the compulsive taking of drugs which have such a hold over the addict he or she cannot stop using them without suffering severe symptoms and even death," he writes. |
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http://www.reason.com/0306/fe.js.h.shtml
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| | Postgraduate Medicine: Helping your patients beat cocaine addiction |
| | Cocaine addiction among pregnant women has become a growing problem that profoundly affects the expectant mother and the fetus. | | | Studies indicate that the efficacy of psychotherapy depends greatly on the degree and severity of the psychopathology accompanying cocaine addiction (8) and that traditional insight-oriented psychotherapy may not be appropriate in these patients (13). | | | Both animal and human research have shown that the behavioral conditioning (rewarding effects) associated with cocaine use leads to development and maintenance of addictive behavior (18). |
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http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/03_99/khouzam.htm
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| | NIDA - Research Report Series - Nicotine Addiction |
| | An improved overall understanding of addiction, coupled with the identification of nicotine as an addictive drug, has been instrumental in the development of medications and behavioral treatments for nicotine addiction. | | | Science has also shown that treating addiction with medications alone is not nearly as effective as when the medication is coupled with a behavioral approach. | | | This finding and many other new research accomplishments in the addiction arena are providing us with an unprecedented opportunity to curtail this enormous public health crisis. |
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http://www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Nicotine/Nicotine.html
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| | eMedicine - Nicotine Addiction : Article by Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCP, DABSM |
| | Unfortunately, this misinformation led to the false belief that nicotine use is a habit and not an addiction. | | | Nicotine in cigarette smoke affects mood and performance and is the source of addiction to tobacco. | | | Nicotine transdermal system (Habitrol) -- Works best when used in conjunction with a support program such as counseling, group therapy, or behavioral therapy. |
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http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1642.htm
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| | Heroin Addiction Treatment Centers Opiate Detox Info |
| | Heroin is a highly addictive drug, and Heroin Addiction is a serious problem in America. | | | Injection continues to be the predominant method of heroin use among addicted users seeking treatment; however, researchers have observed a shift in use patterns, from injection to sniffing and smoking. | | | In fact, sniffing /snorting heroin is now the most widely reported means of taking heroin among users admitted for drug treatment in Newark, Chicago, and New York. |
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http://www.800heroin.com
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| | Heroin Addiction Treatment Heroin Treatment Addiction |
| | This Addiction is especially difficult to overcome, because once an individual has taken this drug it will circulate throughout the bloodstream and leave a metabolite (residue) in our fat tissue, and bone marrow. | | | Heroin Addiction Home Heroin Addiction Facts Heroin Detox Heroin Treatment Confidentiality Contact a Counselor | | | Statistically heroin addiction recovery is anywhere from 3% to as high as 76% depending on the heroin addiction treatment chosen. |
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http://www.heroinaddiction.biz
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| | Neuroscience for Kids - Heroin |
| | Heroin addiction is usually treated with both medical and behavioral methods. | | | Methadone is a drug that blocks the effects of heroin and has been used for several decades to treat heroin addiction. | | | This system is responsible for the pleasurable effects of heroin and for the addictive power of the drug. |
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http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/hero.html
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| | Heroin Effects, Heroin Addiction, Heroin Treatment Center |
| | Heroin is a relatively pricey drug, however, even after a person uses it for the first time, he/she will most likely become addicted to the heroin effects that are felt. | | | Heroin is an opiate derived from the drug morphine, and its highly addictive properties and quick acting-effects made it a popular street drug immediately. | | | When heroin is first infiltrated into a person's body, the brain's natural chemistry reacts with the heroin toxins to create what users describe as a feeling of 'euphoria'. |
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http://www.heroin-effects.com
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| | Cocaine Drug Rehab Cocaine Addiction Drug Rehabilitation Treatment Center |
| | Cocaine abuse and addiction is a complex problem involving biological changes in the brain as well as a myriad of social, familial, and environmental factors. | | | This approach attempts to help patients to recognize, avoid, and cope; i.e., recognize the situations in which they are most likely to use cocaine, avoid these situations when appropriate, and cope more effectively with a range of problems and problematic behaviors associated with drug abuse. | | | An appreciable tolerance to cocaine's high may develop, with many addicts reporting that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first experience. |
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http://www.drug-rehabilitation.com/cocaine.htm
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| | ASH - ADDICTION TO NICOTINE |
| | Making the facts about nicotine addiction known may not do much to help the already addicted smokers, but it will encourage more research into the problem of addiction and means to combat it. | | | That body of evidence has subsequently grown, and today it is a reasonable medical certainty that nicotine is addictive; so much so that it has been compared to heroin, alcohol and barbiturate addiction. | | | The 1988 Surgeon General's report, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction found that nicotine is a powerful pharmacologic agent that acts in the brain and throughout the body. |
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http://ash.org/papers/h1.htm
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| | Nicotine Addiction |
| | What it really means is that nicotine's effects make it an ideal drug to be abused and to cause addiction, particularly when it is so widely available. | | | Results of studies on both humans and animal subjects indicate that the biological effects of nicotine are sufficient for it to serve as a reinforcer. | | | However, many drugs are associated with discomfort and craving during abstinence, and nicotine is no exception. |
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http://www.innerbody.com/text/drug12.html
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| | Heroin Addiction Treatment, FREE Information, Detox, Rehab, Buprenorphine, Biofeedback, Naltrexone, ADD, ADHD, Manic Depression, Beating Heroin Book by Dr Neil Beck. |
| | Its use in treating narcotic addiction is now rapidly spreading throughout the world and this has forced our WA Health Department to admit their mistake and release it again for the treatment of addiction. | | | substance abuse and addiction, are about some people having unusual/disturbed/distressing chemistry which causes these individuals suffering, and disturbed function/performance, sufficient to cause them to seek to relieve their distress, and to change their function/performance, by taking drugs. | | | It is vastly superior to methadone, heroin and morphine as maintenance therapy in these circumstances, probably making the idea of trialing or legalizing heroin as maintenance therapy, unnecessary. |
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http://www.heroinaddictionnaltrexone.com
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| | Nicotine Addiction: Truth or Fallacy? |
| | The addiction hypothesis, in general, is strongly shaped by views that certain drugs bring about a molecular level subversion of rationality. | | | Apart from numerous conceptual and definitional inadequacies with the addiction concept in general, the notion that nicotine is addictive lacks reasonable empirical support. | | | The addiction hypothesis would be greatly strengthened by the demonstration that any drug of abuse produces special changes in the brain. |
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http://www.nycclash.com/nicotine.html
(633 words)
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| | Cocaine Anonymous - |
| | Cocaine Anonymous does not engage in the fields of drug addiction research, medical or psychiatric treatment, drug education, or propaganda in any form -- although our members may participate in such activities as individuals. | | | C.A.'s relations with professional groups, agencies, facilities, and individuals involved with the problems of drug addiction are handled by the Public Information Committee. | | | C.A. is concerned solely with the personal recovery and continued sobriety of individual addicts who turn to the fellowship for help. |
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http://www.ca.org/pubinfo.html
(1951 words)
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| | Nicotine Addiction |
| | Drug addiction research, including research on nicotine and tobacco, has advanced to rival any other area of modern biomedical science and includes the application of sophisticated brain imaging and behavioral research techniques to better understand the effects and mechanisms of action of administration and withdrawal from addictive drugs. | | | Throughout my testimony, I will use the terms drug addiction and drug dependence interchangeably as addiction is simply the more widely used term for what is more technically referred to as dependence. | | | 'addiction is, at its core, a consequence of fundamental changes in brain function.' And further 'It is a brain disease for which the social contexts in which it has both developed and is expressed are critically important.' (Science, 278:45-47, 1997) |
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http://www.tgorski.com/news_analysis/nicotine_addiction_Henningfield_010629.htm
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| | Nicotine Addiction |
| | Those who have a hard time stopping smoking require more than usual treatment (medication and counselling) to end smoking addiction. | | | Brain chemistry - Nicotine is a very powerful drug that affects mood and focus. | | | Caution: Information on this website is intended for educational use only, and is not intended to replace the advice of your own physician or other qualified health professional. |
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http://www.bcdssp.com/nicotine_addiction.htm
(483 words)
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| | Nicotine Addiction |
| | Pharmacologic and behavioral characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those that determine addiction to drugs such as heroin and cocaine. | | | The good feelings that result when an addictive drug is present — and the bad feelings when it's absent — make breaking any addiction very difficult. | | | Nicotine addiction has historically been one of the hardest addictions to break. |
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http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4753
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| | Effective Medical Treatment of Heroin Addiction (CBM 97-7) |
| | Barriers exist to both access to narcotic maintenance treatment and effective treatment, despite the science on the neurobiology of heroin addiction and the evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of treatment in reducing drug use and crime and preventing the spread of HIV and HCV. | | | Estimates of heroin incidence (122,000 new users) in recent years suggest an increased incidence and an emerging pattern of drug use among the young. | | | Deviance among the children of heroin addicts in treatment: impact of parents and peers. |
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20040829/pubs/cbm/heroin_addiction.html
(343 words)
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| | The Nicotine Addiction |
| | A combination of the nicotine addiction and the mental link to smoking is what makes it difficult for many people to quit smoking. | | | When a smoker inhales tobacco smoke, the nicotine enters the lungs then the blood stream, and it is then quickly pumped by the heart to all parts of the body including the brain. | | | Nicotine reaches the brain within seven seconds of entering the body. |
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http://www.nhlung.org/the_addiction.cfm
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| | Addicting kids to nicotine |
| | The chemical nature of nicotine addiction is a tragedy but not a mystery. | | | Addiction occurs because the nervous system responds piecemeal to nicotine's fiddling with its central control. | | | Every teen should consider carefully the take-home lesson, which is that addiction to nicotine is not a matter of will power, but chemistry. |
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http://www.txtwriter.com/Onscience/Articles/addictingkids.html
(790 words)
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